TEST BETWEEN TREATMENT AND BLOCKS Essays - Hypothesis Testing

Target 1 TEST BETWEEN TREATMENT AND BLOCKS Subordinate Variable:observation SourceType III Sum of SquaresdfMean SquareFSig. Rectified Model239892.700a926654.7442.887.023 Intercept424116.3001424116.30045.930.000 blocks137360.867434340.2173.719.020 treatment84800.833184800.8339.184.007 squares * treatment17731.00044432.750.480.750 Error184678.000209233.900 Total848687.00030 Rectified Total424570.70029 a. R Squared = .565 (Adjusted R Squared = .369) We discover there is no noteworthy contrast among squares and medicines since its critical worth 0.750 is more prominent than 0.05 We discover there is a critical distinction between treatments(urgents) since 0.007 huge worth is not exactly the p-estimation of 0.05. Thou we were unable to run the post-hoc test since we had 2 medicines. We discover there is a critical distinction between the blocks(concentration) as its huge worth is 0.02 is not exactly the p-estimation of 0.05 in this manner we run the LSD tests to decide the distinction Post Hoc Tests focus Numerous COMPARISONS perception LSD (I) concentration(J) concentrationMean Difference (I-J)Std. ErrorSig.95% Confidence Interval Lower BoundUpper Bound c1c246.6755.479.410-69.06162.39 c3116.33*55.479.049.61232.06 c4145.50*55.479.01629.77261.23 c5187.83*55.479.00372.11303.56 c2c1-46.6755.479.410-162.3969.06 c369.6755.479.224-46.06185.39 c498.8355.479.090-16.89214.56 c5141.17*55.479.01925.44256.89 c3c1-116.33*55.479.049-232.06-.61 c2-69.6755.479.224-185.3946.06 c429.1755.479.605-86.56144.89 c571.5055.479.212-44.23187.23 c4c1-145.50*55.479.016-261.23-29.77 c2-98.8355.479.090-214.5616.89 c3-29.1755.479.605-144.8986.56 c542.3355.479.454-73.39158.06 c5c1-187.83*55.479.003-303.56-72.11 c2-141.17*55.479.019-256.89-25.44 c3-71.5055.479.212-187.2344.23 c4-42.3355.479.454-158.0673.39 In light of watched implies. The mistake term is Mean Square(Error) = 9233.900. *. The mean distinction is huge at the 0.05 level. NB Those with the critical worth (p-esteem) under 0.05 are fundamentally extraordinary FINDING C1 is unique in relation to C3,C4 and C5 C2 is unique in relation to C5 C3 is unique in relation to C1 C4 is unique in relation to C1 C5 IS unique in relation to C1 and C2 Assessed Marginal Means critical Subordinate Variable:observation urgentMeanStd. Error95% Confidence Interval Lower BoundUpper Bound salt172.06728.443113.805230.328 vinegar65.73328.4437.472123.995 2. fixation Subordinate Variable:observation concentrationMeanStd. Error95% Confidence Interval Lower BoundUpper Bound c1218.16739.230136.335299.999 c2171.50039.23089.668253.332 c3101.83339.23020.001183.665 c472.66739.230-9.165154.499 c530.33339.230-51.499112.165 Target 2 Trial of Between-Subjects Effects Subordinate Variable:observation SourceType III Sum of SquaresdfMean SquareFSig. Revised Model232457.500a546491.5005.808.001 Intercept424116.3001424116.30052.983.000 time133719.800266859.9008.353.002 treatment84800.833184800.83310.594.003 time * treatment13936.86726968.433.871.432 Error192113.200248004.717 Total848687.00030 Revised Total424570.70029 a. R Squared = .548 (Adjusted R Squared = .453) We discover there is no centrality distinction among time and treatment since its noteworthiness esteem is 0.432 which is more prominent than 0.05. We discover there is a noteworthy contrast between treatments(urgents) since 0.003 huge worth is not exactly the p-estimation of 0.05. Thou we were unable to run the post-hoc test since we had 2 medicines. We discover there is a noteworthy contrast between time since 0.002 huge worth is not exactly the p-estimation of 0.05. Subsequently we run the post-hoc test to discover the distinction Post Hoc Tests weeks Numerous Comparisons perception LSD (I) weeks(J) weeksMean Difference (I-J)Std. ErrorSig.95% Confidence Interval Lower BoundUpper Bound week 1week 2-114.70*40.012.008-197.28-32.12 week 3-158.30*40.012.001-240.88-75.72 week 2week 1114.70*40.012.00832.12197.28 week 3-43.6040.012.287-126.1838.98 week 3week 1158.30*40.012.00175.72240.88 week 243.6040.012.287-38.98126.18 In light of watched implies. The blunder term is Mean Square(Error) = 8004.717. *. The mean contrast is critical at the 0.05 level. NB Those with the huge worth under 0.05 are fundamentally extraordinary FINDING Week1 is unique in relation to week2 and week3 Week2 is not the same as week1 Week3 is not the same as week1 Evaluated Marginal Means 1. weeks Subordinate Variable:observation weeksMeanStd. Error95% Confidence Interval Lower BoundUpper Bound week 127.90028.293-30.49386.293 week 2142.60028.29384.207200.993 week 3186.20028.293127.807244.593 Additives Subordinate Variable:observation urgentMeanStd. Error95% Confidence Interval Lower BoundUpper Bound salt172.06728.443113.805230.328 vinegar65.73328.4437.472123.995

The Globe Theater :: European Europe History

The Globe Theater Among the numerous popular scholars we have contemplated for the current year is William Shakespeare. Shakespeare's life was without a doubt generally charming. Looking for answers, we had basic inquiries we needed to decide. What were his ethics? His interests? His heritage? When examining Shakespeare, we found that his life rotated far and wide Theater. Normally we needed to perceive any reason why Shakespeare spent such a large amount of his life engaged with the Globe. The principal Globe kept going from 1599-1613. Moreover, this structure was known as the wooden o playhouse. Prior to the Globe, there was another Theater, which numerous individuals don't understand. The Theater succeeded for a long time. Declining to recharge the players' rent, the landowner Giles Allen caused an unforeseen issue for the players. James Burbage had as of late passed on and his two children, Richard and Cuthbert became administrators. In spite of the fact that Allen claimed the land, the children p ossessed the Theater, and they needed their important timber. In edginess, the siblings chose to make a move. They rented land over the stream and they held up until Christmastime to strike, when they could be certain Allen was away in the midst of a get-away. Around evening time they started to disassemble the Theater piece by piece and skimmed it over the waterway Thames. With the timber, the siblings and their companions recreated their valued playhouse. As a result of the idiom the entire world is a phase they would consider it the Globe Theater. By the center of 1599 the Globe opened and was an immense achievement. Crowds were pressed in the house with a covered rooftop, once in a while even to such an extent as 3,000 individuals could be held on the double. For sixpence the rich sat in the Lord's Rooms to show signs of improvement see, which were on the top portion of the Globe. For threepence they sat on pads in the Gentlemen's Rooms. For twopence they roosted on hard wooden seats, however most were designated groundlings who paid a penny to remain in the yard underneath the open rooftop. Strangely enough, there were two snare entryways, the snare entryway to paradise and the snare entryway to hellfire. Since the players previously needed to pay for the structure the majority of the on-screen characters really lived in the Theater. During a play of Henry the V, a sparkle from a gun coincidentally got the covered rooftop ablaze and the entire Globe was torched in under 60 minutes. However inside a year a subsequent Globe was assembled and finished in 1614 yet the Puritans tore it down in 1644.

Why Disruption is Coming for Your Industry - And How to Embrace It

Why Disruption is Coming for Your Industry - And How to Embrace It Are you ready for the disruption coming to your industry?If you are an established business that has been operating for many years, you may not like this subject. Maybe you’re even trying hard to ensure it doesn’t happen.If you have a big market share, you may be able to command some influence and keep disruption at bay. Or can you?The truth is that you cannot stop an industry disruption. And the more you work towards it, the worse the effect of it will be on your business.Just as life has been changing and no-one could stop it, so must disruption take place.HOW SOME INDUSTRIES GOT DISRUPTEDDisruption is not a new phenomenon. Neither is it something which came and went on its way, never to return. Disruption and innovation go hand in hand.One of the biggest drivers of disruption is technology.As technology develops and matures, more people get to do things they couldn’t do before.Technological advances open doors no-one thought existed. By doing so, some doors also get permanen tly shut.Here are some disruption examples to consider.WikipediaThis is one website which unless you research a lot, you may have little respect for.Or maybe you give it an occasional visit but don’t think much of it. Yet it’s a big disruption in a big way.How?Maybe its name can give you a hint.In the days before the internet became widespread, you would go to a public library to do your research. Libraries contained many books you could read.But one set of books was a must if you wanted thorough historical information.That set of books was the encyclopedia. It was usually published in volumes and labeled in letters. Like a dictionary, entries were ordered alphabetically.But since the books contained detailed information, it would end up being very big.For convenience, an encyclopedia was split into several books. For example, one would contain entries for words beginning with letter A to letter D. The next one from letter E to G and so forth till Z.With internet, came digital v ersions of the encyclopedias. Encyclopedia publishers had to reconsider how they did their business.Social MediaSocial media is so popular that younger generations may wonder what existed before the apps.If you’ve come across some of the previous-generation communication tools, then you know something about the transition.Invented to facilitate socializing, these sites and apps have really changed how we communicate.Initially, you would meet someone and talk with them face to face. If leaving them, you would have to wait till the next time you met.If you missed them too much, a convenience called a letter came in handy. Write a letter, put it into an envelope, buy stamps then send it.Today, this type of letter and everything else using this method is referred to as “snail mail.” The speed of communication is seen to be similar to a snail’s pace.Currently, you have a myriad of ways in which you can communicate with anyone almost instantly. And just as users have had to adapt, so have businesses.If you expect customers to write you letters of complaint, that won’t happen. If waiting for them to visit your store and share their experience of your product, you might wait a long time. Source: Communicationtechnology2015Social media has changed communication. Your business has to go where customers are. You have to research and find out which platforms your target market is in and become a member.And that’s not all. You have to stay updated with the trends.You’ve got to familiarize yourself with consumer habits and preferences and adapt to them.It is no longer a case of big businesses dictating how customers will be served.As they say, customer is king. That makes your business the servant.Real EstateHome owners have different stories on how they bought their homes. Some had very bad experiences while others had good ones. For others, it was just a plain old boring routine.They looked around and saw a good home. Asked some questions and decided to buy.Others spent so much time shopping for a good home and eventually got tired. The more tech-savvy kind shopped online, contacted an agent for a visit then bought.All of these have one thing in common: they bought t heir homes.But are you aware that the process is quickly changing?It’s all mobile now. Everything is happening on your smartphone. From searching for a home to visiting it. You can do everything from the comfort of your sofa.360-degree videos have made physical visits less necessary.Or maybe you visited an agent’s office and used a VR headset to view the homes on sale.Just that experience was probably enough for making a buying decision immediately.SIGNS YOUR INDUSTRY IS ABOUT TO BE DISRUPTEDDisruption did not stop with these industries.Since change is never stopping, you can expect disruption to continue happening.To avoid being disrupted out of business, you need to be on the lookout for signs of impending danger.Here are some you can easily identify.1. Customer habits are changing.Your customers buy from you for a good reason. You have invested in your business processes and you are making good money. You know that certain products are loved by certain customers.They buy duri ng certain times of the day and in particular amounts.Suddenly, the trend is no longer the same. They are either buying different products or dropping some from their shopping.What happened?Your customers’ shopping trends are changing. They are picking on new preferences.If you notice this, and you probably hear it from one of your competitors, something is cooking.Change doesn’t just happen overnight. Change is usually triggered. In most cases, the availability of options is what makes people choose differently.Changes are also facilitated by the availability of new, or at least newly-available information.In the retail world, this came in the form of internet.Whereas the traditional brick and mortar stores were doing very well, an online bookstore took them head-on.With promises of convenience and home delivery, customer shopping habits changed. Eventually, their choice of retailer changed.That former bookstore’s name is Amazon.2. Unchanged business models despite customer c omplaints.Business are started to solve problems. Unfortunately, some businesses become so big that they start defining and enforcing the means by which customers should experience the solution.If these businesses are big enough, they build castles with thick walls to keep competitors at bay. And with the competition under control, so are the customers.Customers give feedback but the businesses largely ignore it since they are firmly established. The feedback develops into complaints but still falls on deaf ears.The businesses can’t risk changing. They are too invested in their systems and models that changing is dangerous for business. Suddenly, the complaints stop coming. The feedback stops coming.Have the customers finally given up on the hope for change?No. They have just discovered an alternative way of getting the same services. There is a new entrant in the industry. Small but sweet.He understood the problems faced by the complaining customers and addressed them.The result? Customers are trooping to his business.They are spreading the news and the small new entrant is growing big. You lose your market share to someone who was eager to listen to the ignored voice.Listen to your customers. Check what they are saying on social media. Use their frustrations to improve your operations lest you get affected by the coming exodus.3. Reduced revenues.When you quickly recognize the changing customer habits and listen to their feedback, you will avoid many problems. You will be able to act fast enough to prevent reduced revenues.But if you don’t, this will be the third proof that you are about to lose. It will still be possible to turn things around but you’ll have lost so much ground.When you realize that your sales are low, do not be quick to conclude that it’s a tough season. Someone else may be cashing in on the “tough” season.By the time your sales are going down to scary levels, your customers are already gone.Convincing customers to love your bra nd is not easy.So when you finally get them to do it, you need to ensure that they keep loving your brand.When growth is slow, it is customer loyalty that keeps you ahead of the pack. This will guarantee sustained revenues for your business.4. High regulations for new entrants.Is your industry controlled by many regulations which make it difficult for newcomers to join?If so, you might be happy that there is reduced competition. But before you celebrate, look more keenly.One danger with industries where it’s difficult for new entrants, is that the rate of innovation is low.The current businesses work on securing their market share and end up holding on to business models which have been proven to work.It is in this situation that a new business idea takes off. It seeks to overhaul normal business processes and utilize a new way of working.Many of such businesses are built on technology. And as such, taking off becomes easy.For example, consider the banking sector.Starting a bank i s no small feat. Apart from the money required for buildings, employees and computer systems, you have to go through strict regulations. These have all to do with your ability to run the business.You will also need to comply by rules pertaining to security in different ways. Source: Institute for Local Self-RelianceLook at what cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin did to the banking sector. Cryptocurrencies have a high usage potential and they are already being embraced.Though banks thought they could control the financial industry, they are now scared of cryptocurrencies.Though they have to struggle with price volatility issues, cryptocurrencies are gradually working their way into people’s wallets.A bank like JP Morgan Chase has noticed the potential and come up with their own version: JPM Coin.5. More startups in your industry.One of the surest ways of detecting a new or upcoming disruption is by looking for disruptors. Often, these come in the form of startups.With new startups, there are venture capital investors.These are the people who get business ideas pitched to them. If they like the idea and see the potential of it, they put their money there. With money being a crucial part of a business, the startups will develop the idea which will replace old businesses.If you read about how popular startups succeeded, you will understand that they bring in a new way of doing things. They also have youthful staff who are quick to innovate and work flexibly.If you are to ignore any of these signs, this should not be one of them.HOW TO PREPARE FOR DISRUPTIONReading the signs on the wall is great for urging you towards action. And even if you don’t see any of these signs but your industry has been long behind in technology, consider innovating.Staying ahead of the competition will definitely help you avoid the last minute rush. With the innovation though, you need to ensure it’s in the right direction.Otherwise you can innovate and still be caught by surprise by better innovations.Whatever is going on in your industry, here are some of the general actions you can take to be ready for change. You can also use these action points to jump start a disruption.Analyze Your DataYou cannot be proactive in your business and make good decisions i f you don’t have data.If you have data but it’s not managed in a way which makes it usable, then you have a problem. Despite the data being a real asset, your inability to utilize it is a sure setback.If this is the challenge you have, then start working on a data management solution as soon as possible.In the meantime, you can make use of publicly-available data about your industry. Get the answers to some of the questions which touch on the signs listed above.What are the industry’s consumption trends?How are the different companies fairing?What is the historical growth in business?What are the disruption or innovation predictions in your industry?How are the related industries fairing?The importance of having data is to facilitate research. Research about trends in expenses, revenues, customer loyalty etc.When you have this information, you are better placed to understand the situation you are in.The publicly-available research findings will also come in handy even if you h ad your own data.This is because it gives you more than a glimpse on what is going on in your competitor’s world. You can use this to gauge where the industry is at and where it’s headed.Fix Your Business Model’s WeaknessesMany disruptions occur when the method of doing business is changed.Facebook changed the way businesses communicated with customers.Uber changed the way people were riding and being charged. WhatsApp changed the way smartphone users communicated, moving them from traditional SMS to real-time chat. For these disruptors to succeed, they used different business models. Consider Uber for instance.To ride in the traditional cab, you would hail one, get in, be driven to your destination then charged as the driver saw fit. Negotiating the price was acceptable and expected.What about the Uber option?You need to use your smartphone to get a ride. The app shows you the different vehicles around your location for you to choose.Some of the details available on the app a re the car’s registration number and the driver’s information and rating.Before deciding on one, you indicate your destination and the charges are displayed for you. Payments are then done using cash, credit/debit cards or mobile money.With algorithms determining the cost of your trip and the best route in a system incorporating customer feedback, the business model was certainly different.Such a business model puts everything in place, even records for future evaluation.Did any of the traditional taxi operators see that coming?Update Yourself on Business TechnologyThis is another critical part of preparation. The more informed you are about what is happening in the business tech world, the easier it is to adapt.There is no way you will hear of the launch of a new innovation today and implement it quickly if you don’t understand it.And you won’t be able to understand it if you haven’t spent time reading about it. Or studying it.Note that the key here is to stay ahead of th e competition.You cannot be ahead of the competition if you wait to hear about new tech through the mainstream media.Whatever comes through such channels is not really fresh. And chances are that your competitors probably have more information about it than you do.If so, are you sure they won’t act before you do?When it comes to technology, the one who jumps in first and runs with it most often accumulates the most benefits.Subscribe to online tech channels and follow them on social media. Some to check out include TechCrunch, PCWorld and TheVerge.Start Acting NowStaying updated is a smart step towards preparing yourself for an industry disruption.But if all you accumulate is information, then you will be at a loss to show the importance of the same.Many companies have information. The difference comes in the implementation.Take note that embracing disruption is not knowing about the disruption. It is all about acting accordingly so as to stay afloat during the period.And after st aying afloat, to swim and even lead the way.Since embracing disruptions come at a price, you will be better off paying that price in small amounts. Instead of waiting for the big announcement then rush to allocate resources and train your staff, make gradual and more manageable moves.As you gather insight into industry trends and predictions, cultivate a workplace culture of experimenting with the new.Let employees discuss the figures and think about how to develop new solutions.Allow them resources to test the solutions, which are really innovations, and see how they work. When small change is easily embraced, then the big change will be easier.CONCLUSIONThe fact that disruptions will characterize all industries is enough fuel to urge you towards embracing it first.Staying ready, looking for it and even trying to create it will ensure you are ahead of everyone else.

The Market For Energy Drink - 950 Words

The market for energy drink has continually been questioned about it health concern. A company can benefit by introducing a healthier option to get energy and have a more active day. When energy drinks first came on the scene they exploded like a new phenomenon, which made consumer feel like new-elevated being. Companies like red bull and rock star brought slogan that increased the energy drinks popularity and made it into a billion dollar industry. With all the scrutiny that has been attacking energy drinks this still has not affected sales according to (Bloomingdale) institute the industry has increase sales 6.7 percent since last year. Our new energy drink V8 V-fusion will have a great opportunity to bring in marginal revenue when introduced to the market with potential to rise to the top in 5 years. V8 has already established itself as a household name for being healthy and providing great delicious healthy drinks. The energy drink market environment has shown us some very positive sign for the V8 fusion to hit the market now. First the known rise in food prices has cause society to look for cheaper and healthier best buy option for food option. V-fusion provides a cheaper energy drink for much less than the price of many energy drinks when compared to the healthier option we provide. While the price is relatively the same, having smaller cans that provide more than a burst of energy will cause consumer to look toward our product. We also have the ability to appeal toShow MoreRelatedEnergy Drinks Market1705 Words   |  7 Pageshow the Energy Drink market is segmented according to demographic, geographic, psychographic and behavioral variables. The Energy Drink industry which is dominated by Red Bull and V energy drinks is worth 151 million dollars and is growing by 47% per year. Energy drinks is the fastest growing category in the soft drink market. 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In 1982, Dietrich Mateschitz tried his first tonic drink in Hong Kong and came up with the idea to introduce these drinks to Europe. In 1984, he established the Red Bull company and started selling Red Bull Energy Drink on the Austrian market in 1987. These days, Red Bull is sold in 164 countries. Since 1987, around 30 billion cans of Red Bull have b een consumed, more than 4.6 billion in 2011 (RedBull)Read MoreEnergy Drinks Market in Denmark4718 Words   |  19 Pages3.1 Energy drink 3 1.3.2 Burn energy drink 4 1.3.3 Red Bull energy drink 4 1.4 Demarcations (Scope and limitation of the study) 4 2 Theoretical Background 4 2.1 Market segmentation 5 2.2 Competitive Benchmark Analysis 5 2.3 Marketing Mix (4 Ps) 5 3 Methodology Description 5 3.1 Research Design 5 3.2 Primary and secondary data collection 5 3.3 Qualitative data collection 6 3.4 Quantitative data collection 6 4 Presentation and analysis of data 6 4.1 Market Segmentation of energy drinksRead MoreMarket Plan for Monster Energy Drink2139 Words   |  9 PagesInternational Marketing Plan Introduction of Monster Energy Drinks into the Australian Market International Marketing Plan Introducing Monster Energy Drinks into the Australian Market Background Monster Energy is an American brand of energy drink created and marketed by Hansen Natural Corporation. 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Thinking about high energy drink branches, many customers think about a popular name: Red bull. How successful this branch is, the way they develop their mark and how was they cared in Vietnam’s market. Everything related with Red bull will explained in this research. 2 -Read MoreRed Bull: the Global Market Leader in Energy Drinks Is Considering Further Market Expansion3951 Words   |  16 PagesThe global market leader in energy drinks is considering further market expansion November 16th, 2015 Executive Summary Red Bull, an original in the energy drink market, was founded in 1984 by marketing guru Dietrich Mateschitz and formula developer Chaleo Yoovidhya. The product is often used for boosting energy, increasing focus, and as a mixer for alcoholic drinks. Red Bull is well recognised for its extreme marketing strategies. For example, Red Bull has a â€Å"Mobile Energy Team,† whichRead MorePositioning Strategy of Monster Energy1302 Words   |  6 PagesAs energy drink is yet a part of developing and new industry therefore Audience and Company Objectives are targets of Monster. The market of energy drink like monster energy is quite different from some other beverage industries. Monster energy drinks have become trendy part of society, but as some think the targeted market is unrestrained, wide or varied but it is not like that. In soon energy drink history, Athletes were the primary consumer when energy drinks were initially being sold in USA.

Is College Worth It - 2019 Words

Intro Whether you are from the smallest, roughest high school in the U.S. or the largest, wealthiest high school, you have at some point been talked to about furthering your education. America is notorious for pressuring its youth to attend four-year universities and graduating college to become successful. While some of Americas’ young adults might follow blindly into this â€Å"social norm,† others will question its logic or even decide that it is not for them. When it really comes down to it, everyone has one question. Is college worth it? I have searched high and low for the correct answer, but with so many factors included it can be hard to ultimately say yes or no. After all not everyone is the same person and not each person fits the same path. What I did find is that everyone has a decision and that they need to find the right path for them. After concluding my research I have come to my answer regarding the question at hand. Although a college degree is very expensi ve, it is worth the sacrifice of time and money for young adults to earn their degree today if they do it for the right reasons. Background At its very root a college education is an opportunity for young adults to further their education through critical thinking about a career field of their choice. Originally college was a way to separate the work force. When students graduated from high school they could join the labor force or continue education at a university. While most of these students’ familiesShow MoreRelatedIs College Worth A College?1254 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the USA college tuition has increased drastically; in the last five years Georgia colleges have had 75% increase along with other states such as Arizona whose tuition has increased by 77% (NPR). Since 2006 the tuition in Utah has increased by 62.8% and is rising throughout the U.S. (Desert News). Between 1885-2016 the price of college has increased between 2.1% to 4.3% per year beyond inflation (CollegeBoard). Through calculations, that equates to about a hundred precent increase sinceRead MoreIs College Worth It?923 Words   |  4 PagesThe question here is, is college worth it? Many people question this especially high school students who are about to graduate. This debate is still taking place today. The common misunderstood saying is, if you have a degree you will then have a good job. But this is not the case because in today’s society there are so many people with degrees who still cannot find a job. The rate of unemployment is increasing rapidly on a yearly basis. High school students see it this way, if I can’t find a jobRead MoreIs College Worth It?857 Words   |  4 PagesIs college worth it, many ask and a lot of them wonder. This controversial topic has a lot of arguments and still no fix answer to it. Some people might find college to be not worth it as most people find it useless after graduation as said by TOM BACHTELL on a college graduation â€Å" diploma—need not be a statistics major to know that the odds of stepping into a satisfying job, or, indeed, any job, are low er now than might have been imagined four long years ago†. But in my opinion I would say thatRead MoreCollege Is Worth It?852 Words   |  4 Pages College is a place where students learn what they want to be when they graduate and they use that knowledge they obtained from college to fulfill their dream by what they have studied, so hard for in college. Some people ask, â€Å"Is College worth it?† and the answer to that question is, â€Å"Yes.† A lot of people continue to disagree with that answer, but when it’s all said and done: college is worth it. That is why, there is still students that enroll into a 4-year college or a community college becauseRead MoreCollege Is It Worth It?1317 Words   |  6 PagesCollege, is it Worth it? Is college really worth the time and money? This is the question I am going to be exploring. While many people may have an idea that college is just an abundance of debt, other students argue that most of the information they learn doesn’t provide them with the value they thought it would (Adams 1). Many college students who grow up with the opportunity to go to college usually don’t stress the idea of going to school, but most students who don’t have the opportunity toRead MoreCollege Worth?1116 Words   |  5 PagesIs College Worth It? College is a place for higher education. Many people go there for further study every year. Meanwhile, plenty of people skip college or drop out of college. Sort of people believe college is not worth because it cost too much. Most people think college is worth because you will able to get a good job when you holding a degree. Yes, because being a college graduate can help you gain more than the money you spent to pay for college. College is worth it because you will haveRead MoreCollege Is Worth It?1139 Words   |  5 Pagesdebate about whether or not college is worth it, but it’s hard to measure some of the pros of a college education in numbers. Most agree, however, that college enriches people’s life in some way that isn’t just financial. Through encountering different perspective and getting a liberal arts education, people become better citizens of the world. Or so the argument goes. In his essay, Colleges Prepare People for Life, Freeman Hrabowski argues that everyone should attend college, not just for the financialRead MoreCollege Is Not Worth It?1139 Words   |  5 PagesIn the debate about whether college is worth attending, many argue that college is worth it but others argue that college is not worth it. Those who argue that college is worth it contend to say that college graduates make more money, college allows students to explore career options, and not going to college will cost people more money in the future but on the other hand, those who argue that college is not worth it contend to say that college graduates are employed in jobs that do not require degreesRead MoreIs College Worth It?1177 Words   |  5 PagesStatistics Say Yes To College If you walked across the stage at your high school graduation ceremony you probably were confronted by the options of college, military service, work force, etc. If you decide college is the place to go, then questions start to arise, how am I going to pay for college, where should I go, what do I want to study. Is college is a voluntary place to further your education or is it mandatory to achieve a decent paying job? College has now become something that everyoneRead MoreIs College Worth It?972 Words   |  4 PagesIs College Worth It? In recent discussions of Is College Worth It? By John Green, a controversial issue has been whether, people should attend college or get a job after they finish high school. On the one hand, some argue that people can get a monthly income better than if they have a degree. From this perspective, some people they do not want to attend college. On the other hand, however, others insist that people should attend college after they finish high school. In the words of John Green,

Telecom Application Map (Etom, Release 3.1) Free Essays

string(478) " ly D e lyssiis ss essi s ig n g n NGOSS Supporting Tools s es ap s in s M Bu ces M\) O o Pr \(eT Co nt ra Ne c ut Tec t In ra h te l A no rf rc log ac hi y e te ct ur e In S f h Da orm are ta at d i \(S Mo on ID de \) l So An Souu An l l t to ii aa n De lyys on De l sis is ssg iig nnPr B Pr u oo Bus cc sin ee ssss ine e A sss De An s De naa ssg lyy iig l ss nn iss i Co m p Te lia st nce s \?TeleManagement Forum 2003 Figure P\." These process elements can then be positioned within a model to show organizational, functional and other relationships, and can be combined within process flows that trace activity paths through the business. The eTOM can serve as the blueprint for standardizing and categorizing business activities (or process elements) that will help set direction and the starting point for development and integration of Business and Operations Support Systems (BSS and OSS respectively). An important additional application for eTOM is that it helps to support and guide work by TM Forum members and others to develop NGOSS solutions. We will write a custom essay sample on Telecom Application Map (Etom, Release 3.1) or any similar topic only for you Order Now For service providers, it provides a Telco industry-standard reference point, when considering internal process reengineering needs, partnerships, alliances, and general working agreements with other providers.For suppliers, the eTOM framework outlines potential boundaries of process solutions, and the required functions, inputs, and outputs that must be supported by process solutions. This document consists of: An introduction to the role of the eTOM Business Process Framework. An overview of the eTOM Business Process Framework, from both Intra-Enterprise and Inter-Enterprise viewpoints, that sets out the main structural elements and approach. The implications and impact of ebusiness for service providers and their business relationships, and how eTOM supports them.  A description of extensions to eTOM for Business to Business Interactions. Several Annexes and Appendices, including terminology and glossary. An Addendum (Addendum D) describing the Service Provider nterprise processes and sub-processes in a form that is top down, customer-centric, and end-to-end focused. Process decompositions are provided for all processes from the highest conceptual view of the framework to the working level of the eTOM, and many selected lower level decompositions in the framework are also included. An Addendum (Addendum F) describing selected process flows at several levels of view and detail that provides end-to-end insight into the application of eTOM. A separate Application Note (GB921L) that shows how eTOM can be used to model the ITIL processes. ?TeleManagement Forum 2002 GB921v3. 5 Draft 4 Page 2 eTOM Business Process FrameworkAnother Application Note (GB921B, currently under development) outlining implications and impact of ebusiness for service providers and their business relationships, and how eTOM supports them, including a description of handling of Business to Business Interactions by eTOM. Note: Annexes and Appendices both allow material to be removed from the â€Å"in-line† flow of the document main body, so that the reader does not become embedded in too much detail as they read. However, they have a different status within a document. Annexes contain normative material, i. e. they have equivalent status to the material within the main body of the document, while Appendices are non-normative, i. e. they contain material included for information or general guidance but which does not represent formal agreement and requirements for users of the document.Addenda have a similar status to Annexes, but are presented as a separate document that is an adjunct to the main document. This is typically because otherwise a single document would become cumbersome due to its size. Thus, a document body, together with its Annexes and Addenda (and their Annexes, if any), represents the normative material presented, while any Appendices in the main document or its Addenda represent non-normative material, included for information only. Application Notes are a specific document type, used to provide insight into how a specification or other agreed artifact is used in a particular context or area of application. They are non-normative as they provide information and guidance only within the area concerned.The basic operations framework continues to be stable even as the Information and Communications Services industry continues to change, largely because, like the TM Forum’s previous Telecom Operations Map (TOM), the eTOM Business Process Framework: Uses a high level and generic approach Reflects a broad range of operations and enterprise process model views Reflects the way service providers run and are architecting their businesses eTOM is already being widely used eTOM is accepted as the Telco industry standard by Service Providers, Vendors, Integrators and Consultants. The eTOM significantly enhances the TOM, the previous ‘de facto’ standard for Service Provider operations processes for the industry. eTOM has become the enterprise process, ebusiness enabled, ‘de facto’ standard for the Information and Communications Services industry processes. For those familiar with the TOM, it may be helpful to refer to the prior release of this document (GB921 v3. 0) that includes appendices covering TOM to eTOM Chapter Comparison, and TOM To eTOM Process Name Changes. GB921v3. 6 ?TeleManagement Forum 2003 eTOM Business Process Framework Page 3 Relationship to Standardization ActivitiesMuch of the management infrastructures upon which systems will be built are expected to be based on standard interfaces. Relating business needs to available, or necessary, standards is a primary goal of the TM Forum in promoting a standardsbased approach to information and communications services management. Where applicable, the TM Forum uses industry standards in its work to promote the acceptance of standards and to minimize redundant work. People active in management standardization (in the broadest sense) will find the eTOM useful in setting a top down, enterprise-level, customer-centric context of how management specifications need to work together.TM Forum uses existing standards as much as possible. As a result of implementation experience through Catalyst projects, TM Forum provides feedback to appropriate standards bodies. NGOSS and eTOM NGOSS is the TM Forum†™s New Generation Operations Systems and Software program, which delivers a toolkit to guide the definition, development, procurement and deployment of OSS/BSS solutions while also defining a strategic direction for a more standardized OSS marketplace. NGOSS uses a common business process map, systems descriptions, and information models and couples them with pre-defined integration interfaces, architectural principles and compliance criteria.NGOSS’s end-to-end approach enables service providers to redesign their key business processes in line with industry best practices while allowing suppliers to cost-effectively develop OSS software that can easily fit into a service provider’s IT environment. ?TeleManagement Forum 2003 GB921v3. 6 Page 4 eTOM Business Process Framework S S A y A n ysstte na em m a D ly D e lyssiis ss essi s ig n g n NGOSS Supporting Tools s es ap s in s M Bu ces M) O o Pr (eT Co nt ra Ne c ut Tec t In ra h te l A no rf rc log ac hi y e te ct ur e In S f h Da orm are ta at d i (S Mo on ID de ) l So An Souu An l l t to ii aa n De lyys on De l sis is ssg iig nnPr B Pr u oo Bus cc sin ee ssss ine e A sss De An s De naa ssg lyy iig l ss nn iss i Co m p Te lia st nce s ?TeleManagement Forum 2003 Figure P. You read "Telecom Application Map (Etom, Release 3.1)" in category "Papers" 1: TM Forum NGOSS Framework Figure P. 1 shows the NGOSS Framework, and the vital role of eTOM within this. eTOM provides the Business Process Map for NGOSS. Moving around the NGOSS â€Å"wheel†, eTOM feeds requirements to the Information Model and thence to the Integration Framework and Compliance Criteria. More information on NGOSS is available through the TM Forum website www. tmforum. org GB921v3. 6 C S Coo Soollu n nff o uttiio o Te orrm n m n Te ssttii aanc n n ngg cee eTOM Business Process Framework Page 5Chapter 1- eTOM Business Process Framework Introduction Purpose of the Business Process Framework Traditionally in the telecommunications industry, service providers delivered end-toend services to their customers. As such, the entire value chain was controlled by a single enterprise, if necessary via interconnection arrangements with other service providers. However in a liberalized marketplace, service providers are having to respond both to the customer’s increased demands for superior customer service and to stiffer competition. They have therefore been expanding their markets beyond their self-contained boundaries and broadening their business relationships.Service Providers face very different regulatory environments and their business strategies and approaches to competition are quite distinct, nevertheless they share several common characteristics: Heavily dependent upon effective management of information and communications networks to stay competitive Adopting a service management approach to the way they run their business and their networks Moving to more of an end-to-end Process Management approach developed from the customer’s point of view Automating their Customer Care, Service and Network Management Processes Need to integrate new OSSs with legacy systems Focusing on data services offerings and Focusing on total service performance, including customer satisfaction Integrating with current technology (e. g. SDH/SONET and ATM) and new technologies (e. g. , IP, DWDM) Emphasizing more of a à ¢â‚¬Å"buy† rather than â€Å"build† approach that integrates systems from multiple suppliers Some Service Providers choose to operate their own network and/or information technology infrastructure, while others choose to outsource this segment of their business.The effective exploitation of this information technology and network infrastructure, whether directly operated or outsourced, is an integral part of the service delivery chain and directly influences the service quality and cost perceived by the end customer. Service Providers will need to become skilled at assessing outsourcing opportunities whether in information technology and/or network infrastructure areas or other areas and then, be skilled at integrating and managing any outsourcing arrangements. ?TeleManagement Forum 2003 GB921v3. 6 Page 6 eTOM Business Process Framework To meet both existing and new demands, Service providers still urgently require wellautomated operations processes whether they are incumbent providers or new entrants, and whether communications service providers, application service providers, Internet service providers, etc. Some service roviders are struggling with high growth from a start-up phase, others with the commoditization of key cash-cow services, and yet others with the move from a manual-intensive, inconsistent, inflexible environment to one that provides significant improvement in customer focus, service quality, unit cost, and time to market. Service providers have to pervasively do business elec tronically with trading partners, suppliers and wholesale and retail customers. For the growing Mobile/Wireless and IP Services markets, these service providers are focused on quickly provisioning new customers and supporting service quality issues, while continually reducing development and operating costs.. For all service providers, there is an intense drive to introduce both new value-added services and dramatic improvements in customer support.There is also an increasing need for Service Providers to manage the integration required in mergers and acquisitions activity due to the consolidation trend the industry is now experiencing. For the full range of service providers and network operators, the leading focus of the TM Forum’s mission is to enable end-to-end process automation of the business and operations processes that deliver information and communications services. The eTOM is the business process framework for accomplishing this mission. The purpose of the eTOM is to continue to set a vision for the industry to compete successfully through the implementation of business process driven approaches to managing the enterprise.This includes ensuring integration among all vital enterprise support systems concerned with service delivery and support. The focus of the eTOM doc ument is on the business processes used by service providers, the linkages between these processes, the identification of interfaces, and the use of Customer, Service, Resource, Supplier/Partner and other information by multiple processes. Exploitation of information from every corner of the business will be essential to success in the future. In an ebusiness environment, automation to gain productivity enhancement, increased revenue and better customer relationships is vital. Perhaps at no other time has process automation been so critical to success in the marketplace.The over-arching objectives of the eTOM Business Process Framework are to continue to build on TM Forum’s success in establishing: An ‘industry standard’ business process framework. Common definitions to describe process elements of a service provider. Agreement on the basic information required to perform each process element within a business activity, and use of this within the overall NGOSS program for business requirements and information model development that can guide industry agreement on contract interfaces, shared data model elements, and supporting system infrastructure and products. A process framework for identifying w hich processes and interfaces are in most need of integration and automation, and most dependent on industry agreement. This document, the eTOM Business Process Framework and its associated business process modeling, describes for an enterprise the process elements and their relationship that are involved in information and communications services and technologies management. Additionally, the points of interconnection that make up the end-to-end, customer operations process flows for Fulfillment, Assurance, Billing within Operations, and for Strategy, Infrastructure Product are addressed. GB921v3. 6 ? TeleManagement Forum 2003 eTOM Business Process Framework Page 7 Note that, although eTOM has been focused on information and communications services and technologies management, this work is also proving to be of interest in other business areas.Service providers need this common framework of processes to enable them to do business efficiently and effectively with other entities and to enable the development and use of third-party software without the need for major customization. In an ebusiness envi ronment, this common understanding of process is critical to managing the more complex business relationships of today’s information and communications services marketplace. eBusiness integration among enterprises seems to be most successful through strong process integration. Recent industry fallout, particularly in relation to dotcoms, does not reduce the pressure for ebusiness automation – it strengthens the need to capitalize on ebusiness opportunities to be successful.However, the eTOM is not just an ecommerce or ebusiness process framework, it supports traditional business processes with the integration of ebusiness. Define Common Terminology The eTOM document also provides the definition of common terms concerning enterprise processes, sub-processes and the activities performed within each. Common terminology makes it easier for service providers to negotiate with customers, third party suppliers, and other service providers. See Annex B for the definition of eTOM acronyms and terminology. Consensus Tool The TM Forum produced the TOM initially as a consensus tool for discussion and agreement among service providers and network operators.Its broad consensus of support, which has been built on and extended with the eTOM, enables: Focused work to be carried out in TM Forum teams to define detailed business requirements, information agreements, business application contracts and shared data model specifications (exchanges between applications or systems) and to review these outputs for consistency Relating business needs to available or required standards A common process view for equipment suppliers, applications builders and integrators to build management systems by combining third party and in-house developments The anticipated result is that the products purchased by service providers and network operators for business and operational management of their networks, information technologies and services will integrate better into their environment, enabling the cost benefits of end-to-end automation. Furthermore, a common industry view on processes and information facilitates operator-to-operator and operator-to-supplier process interconnection, which is essential for rapid service provisioning and problem handling in a competitive global environment.This process interconnection is the key to ebusiness supply chain management in particular. ?TeleManagement Forum 2003 GB921v3. 6 Page 8 eTOM Business Process Framework What is the eTOM? The eTOM is a business process framework, i. e. a reference framework or model for categorizing all the business activities that a service provider will use. It is NOT a service provider business model. In other words, it does not address the strategic issues or questions of who a service provider’s target customers should be, what market segments should the service provider serve, what are a service provider’s vision, mission, etc. A business process framework is one part of the strategic business model and plan for a service provider.The eTOM can be regarded as a Business Process Framework, rather than a Business Process Model, since its aim is to categorize the process elements business activities so that these can then be combined in many different ways, to implement end-to-end business processes (e. g. fulfillment, assurance, billing) which deliver value for the customer and the service provider. eTOM Release 3. 0 provided a member-approved eTOM Business Process Framework with global agreement from its highest conceptual level to its first working level. This eTOM Release 3. 5 builds on this to take account of real-world experience in applying this work, and to incorporate new detail in process decompositions, flows and business to business interaction.However, eTOM is still developing in areas such as further lower-level process decompositions and flows, and ongoing feedback together with its linkage with the wider NGOSS program, will be used to guide future development priorities. Note that the development of a total process framework is a significant undertaking with process work that will be phased over time based on member process priorities and member resource availability. This is visible in eTOM’s own history, from the original Telecom Operations Map (TOM) that was carried forward into the eTOM and broadened to a total enterprise framework, through several generations of detail and refinement, to the current Release. More information on TOM and its links with eTOM are provided in the previous release of this document (GB921 v3. 0). A great many service providers, as well as system integrators, ASPs and vendors, are working already with eTOM. They need an industry standard framework for procuring software and equipment, as well as to interface with other service providers in an increasingly complex network of business relationships. Many service providers have contributed their own process models because they recognize the need to have a broader industry framework that doesn’t just address operations or traditional business processes. GB921v3. 6 ?TeleManagement Forum 2003 eTOM Business Process Framework Page 9 Customer Strategy, Infrastructure Product Operations Customer Market, Product Customer Market, Product and Customer Service ServiceResource Resource (Application, Computing and Network) (Application, Computing and Network) Supplier/Partner Supplier/Partner Supplier/Partner Suppliers/Partners Enterprise Management Shareholders  ©TeleManagement Forum October, 2001 Employees Other Stakeholders Figu re 1. 1: eTOM Business Process Framework—Level 0 Processes Figure 1. 1 shows the highest conceptual view of the eTOM Business Process Framework. This view provides an overall context that differentiates strategy and lifecycle processes from the operations processes in two large groupings, seen as two boxes. It also differentiates the key functional areas in five horizontal layers. In addition, Figure 1. also shows the internal and external entities that interact with the enterprise (as ovals). Figure 1. 2 shows the Level 0 view of Level 1 processes in the eTOM Framework. This view is an overall view of the eTOM processes, but in practice it is the next level – the Level 1 view of Level 2 processes – at which users tend to work, as this detail is needed in analyzing their businesses. This view is presented later in the document in a series of diagrams examining each area of the eTOM framework. Figure 1. 2 below shows seven vertical process groupings. These are the end-to-end processes that are required to support customers and to manage the business.The focal point of the eTOM (as it was for the TOM) is on the core customer operations processes of Fulfillment, Assurance and Billing (FAB). Operations Support Readiness is now differentiated from FAB real-time processes to increase the focus on enabling support and automation in FAB, i. e. . on line and immediate support of customers. The Strategy Commit vertical, as well as the two Lifecycle Management verticals, are also now differentiated because, unlike Operations, they do not directly support the customer, are intrinsically different from the Operations processes and work on different business time cycles. The horizontal process groupings in Figure 1. 2 distinguish functional operations processes and other types of business functional processes, e. g. Marketing versus Selling, Service Development versus Service Configuration, etc. The functional processes on the left (within the Strategy Commit, Infrastructure Lifecycle Management and Product Lifecycle Management vertical process groupings) enable, support and direct the work in the Operations verticals. ?TeleManagement Forum 2003 GB921v3. 6 Page 10 Customer Strategy, Infrastructure and Product Operations eTOM Business Process Framework Strategy Commit Infrastructure Lifecycle Mgmt Product Lifecycle Mgmt Operations Support Readiness Fulfillment Assurance Billing Marketing and Offer Management Customer Relationship Management Service Development ManagementService Management Operations Resource Development Management Resource Management Operations Supply Chain Development Management Supplier/Partner Relationship Management Enterprise Management Strategic Enterprise Planning Brand Management, Market Research Advertising Enterprise Quality Mgmt, Process IT Planning Architecture Human Resource s Management Research Development Acquisistion Technology Financial Asset Management  © TeleManagement Forum October, 2001 Stakeholder External Relations Management Disaster Recovery , Security Fraud Management Figure 1. 2: eTOM Business Process Framework—Level 1 Processes As can be seen in Figure 1. , eTOM makes the following improvements to the high level TOM Framework: Expands the scope to all enterprise processes. Distinctly identifies Marketing processes due to heightened importance in an ebusiness world. Distinctly identifies Enterprise Management processes, so that everyone in the enterprise is able to identify their critical processes, thereby enabling process framework acceptance across the enterprise. Brings Fulfillment, Assurance and Billing (FAB) onto the high-level framework view to emphasize the customer priority processes as the focus of the enterprise. Defines an Operations Support Readiness vertical process grouping, applicable for all functional layers, except Enterprise Management. To ntegrate ebusiness and make customer selfmanagement a reality, the enterprise has to understand the processes it needs to enable for direct, and more and more, online customer operations support and customer self-management. Recognizes three enterprise process groupings that are distinctly different from operations processes by identifying the SIP processes, i. e. , Strategy Commit, Infrastructure Lifecycle Management and Product Lifecycle Management. Recognizes the different cycle times of the strategy and lifecycle management processes and the need to separate these processes from the customer priority operations processes where automation is most critical. This is done by decoupling the Strategy Commit and the two Lifecycle Management processes from the day-to-day, minute-to-minute cycle times of the customer operations processes. GB921v3. 6 ?TeleManagement Forum 2003 eTOM Business Process Framework Page 11 Moves from a customer care or service orientation to a customer relationship management orientation that emphasizes customer selfmanagement and control, increasing the value customers contribute to the enterprise and the use of information to customize and personalize to the individual customer. It adds more elements to this customer operations functional layer to represent better the selling processes and to integrate marketing fulfillment within Customer Relationship Management. Note that eTOM Customer Relationship Management is very broadly defined and larger in scope than some definitions of CRM.Acknowledges the need to manage resources across technologies, (i. e. , application, computing and network), by integrating the Network and Systems Management functional process into Resource Management Operations. It also moves the management of IT into this functional layer as opposed to having a separate process grouping. eTOM is More Than One Document It is intended that the eTOM Business Process Framework will become a collection of documents and models. The current view is as follows: This document – the eTOM: The Business Process Framework – is structured as a core document that explains the overall framework approach and all its elements.In addition, two Addenda are associated with the core document: Addendum D provides process descriptions for the eTOM at Level 0, Level 1, Level 2 and selected Level 3 processes Addendum F provides examples of process flows that use the eTOM Business Process Framework and its component process elements to address high-priority business scenarios The eTOM Overview/Executive Summary is a â€Å"si ngle sheet† document that provides an overall view of the eTOM business process framework and highlights key concepts. The eTOM Business Process Framework Model provides a version of the eTOM framework, processes and flows intended for automated processing by modeling tools, etc.This is intended to be available in several formats: Tool-based (e. g. XML for import into a process analysis environment) Browsable (e. g. HTML) †¢ †¢ Using This Document A service provider’s specific process architecture and organization structure are highly specific and critical aspects of a provider’s competitiveness. The eTOM provides a common view of service provider enterprise process elements or business activities that can easily translate to an individual provider’s internal approaches. The document is not intended to be prescriptive about how the tasks are carried out, how a provider ? TeleManagement Forum 2003 GB921v3. 6 Page 12 eTOM Business Process Framework r operator is organized, or how the tasks are identified in any one organization. It is also not prescriptive about the sequence of Process Elements that are combined to implement end-to-end business processes. The eTOM provides a starting point for detailed work coordinated through TM Forum that leads to an integrated set of specifications that will provide real benefit to both suppliers and procurers in enhancing industry service provider enterprise management capability. This document is not a specification, in the sense that vendors or operators must comply directly. However, it does represent a standard way of naming, describing and categorizing process elements.It will enable unambiguous communication and facilitate the development of standard solutions and reuse of business processes. It is not intended to incorporate all the detail of eventual process implementation, but is more a guiding reference for the industry. One of the strengths of the eTOM is that it can be adopted at a variety of levels, in whole or in part, depending upon a service providerâ₠¬â„¢s needs. The eTOM can also act as a translator by allowing a service provider to map their distinct processes to the industry framework. As the process examples are developed, service providers can use and adapt these examples to their business environment.The eTOM Business Process Framework can be used as a tool for analyzing an organization’s existing processes and for developing new processes. Different processes delivering the same business functionality can be identified, duplication eliminated, gaps revealed, new process design speeded up, and variance reduced. Using eTOM, it is possible to assess the value, cost and performance of individual processes within an organization. Relationships with suppliers and partners can also be facilitated by identifying and categorizing the processes used in interactions with them. In a similar manner, it is possible to identify the all-important customer relationship processes and evaluate whether they are functioning as required to meet cust omers’ expectations. Intended AudienceThe eTOM aims at a wide audience of professionals in the Information and Communications Services Industry. For experienced Telecommunications professionals, the eTOM has proven itself to be intuitive; and a strong, common framework of service provider enterprise processes. Through TM Forum Catalyst projects and other work, it has been verified that the eTOM framework has strong application in many applications and throughout many companies. More information on use of eTOM within the industry is available at the TM Forum website www. tmforum. org The eTOM is aimed at service provider and network operator decision makers who need to know and input to he common business process framework used to enable enterprise automation in a cost efficient way. It is also an important framework for specialists across the industry working on business and operations automation. The document or framework supports, and is consistent with, many efforts under way in the industry supporting the need to accelerate business and operations automation in the information and communications services marketplace. GB921v3. 6 ? TeleManagement Forum 2003 eTOM Business Process Framework Page 13 The eTOM will continue to give providers and suppliers a common framework for discussing complex business needs in a complex industry with complex technologies.For both service providers and network operators additional complexities arise from: Moving away from developing their own business and operations systems software, to a more procurement and systems integration approach. New business relationships between service providers and network operators The creation of new business relationships and the move away from developing internally are a reaction to market forces. These market forces require service providers and network operators to increase the range of services they offer, reduce time to market for new services, increase speed of service, as well as to drive down systems and operational costs.The eTOM is also aimed at service provider and network operator employees involved in business process re-engineering, operations, procurement and other activities for: Understanding the common business process framework being used to drive integration and automation Getting involved in providing processes, inputs, priorities and requirements The eTOM Business Process Framework is also aimed at designers and integrators of business and operational management systems software and equipment suppliers. They can benefit from understanding how management processes and applications need to work together to deliver business benefit to service providers and network operators.An equally important and related audience is suppliers of management applications, management systems, and networking equipment, who need to understand the deployment environment for their products and solutions. The eTOM Business Process Framework provides a common framework useful in supporting the significant amount of merger and acquisition activity. Common process understanding and a common process framework can greatly improve integration performance for mergers and acquisitions. eTOM is applicable for an established service provider or a new entrant, ‘green field’ provider. It is important to note that not all areas defined in the eTOM are necessarily used by all providers.As mentioned earlier, the framework is flexible, so that the process elements the specific service providers require can be selected on a modular basis and at the appropriate level of detail for their needs. Benefits of Using eTOM eTOM makes available a standard structure, terminology and classification scheme for describing business processes and their constituent building blocks eTOM supplies a foundation for applying enterprise-wide discipline to the development of business processes eTOM provides a basis for understanding and managing portfolios of IT applications in terms of business process requirements ? TeleManagement Forum 2003 GB921v3. 6 Page 14 eTOM Business Process FrameworkUse of the eTOM enables consistent and high-quality end-to-end process flows to be created, with opportunities for cost and performance improvement, and for re-use of existing processes and systems Use of the eTOM across the industry will increase the likelihood that off-the-shelf applications will be readily integrated into the enterprise, at a lower cost than custom-built applications GB921v3. 6 ?TeleManagement Forum 2003 eTOM Business Process Framework Page 15 Chapter 2 – eTOM Business Process E nterprise Framework The main purpose of this Chapter is to provide a formal description of the eTOM Business Process Framework, with two distinct viewpoints: The Internal Viewpoint, which considers the processes that characterize the â€Å"internal behavior† of a Service Provider; The External Viewpoint, which considers the processes necessary for a Service Provider to handle external interactions (e. g. xecute electronic transactions) with Customers, Suppliers and Partners in a Value Chain. In the following sections both of these viewpoints are presented. The Internal Viewpoint follows the structure of former releases of GB921, the External Viewpoint is new material and a general overview is provided. Internal viewpoint The eTOM Business Process Element Enterprise Framework considers the Service Provider’s (SP’s) enterprise, and positions this within its overall business context: i. e. the business interactions and relationships, which allow the SP to carry on its business with other organizations. These wider aspects, together with the implications for an eBusiness and eCommerce world are introduced in Chapter 3.This section introduces the eTOM Business Framework and explains its structure and the significance of each of the process areas within it. It also shows how the eTOM structure is decomposed to lower-level process elements. This explanation is useful for those who decide where and how an Enterprise will use eTOM, and those who may be modifying it for use in their Enterprise. To assist the reader in locating the process area concerned within eTOM, a graphical icon of eTOM, alongside the text, is provided to draw attention to the relevant eTOM area. This is highlighted in red to indicate the focus of the following text or discussion. eTOM Conceptual View The eTOM Business Process Element Enterprise Framework represents the whole of a service provider’s enterprise environment.At the overall conceptual level, eTOM can be viewed as having three major areas of process, as shown in Figure 2. 1. Strategy, Infrastructure Product – covering planning and lifecycle management Operations – covering the core of operational management Enterprise Management – covering corporate or business support management ? TeleManagement Forum 2003 GB921v3. 6 Page 16 eTOM Business Process Framework Customer Strategy, Infrastructure Product Operations Market, Product and Customer Service Resource (Application, Computing and Network) Supplier/Partner Sup pliers/Partners Enterprise Management Shareholders Employees Other Stakeholders  © TeleManagement ForumOctober, 2001 Figure 2. : eTOM Business Process Framework Conceptual Structure The Conceptual Structure view provides an overall context that differentiates strategy and lifecycle processes from operations processes in two large process areas, seen as the two large boxes towards the top of the diagram, together with a third area beneath which is concerned with enterprise management. It also differentiates the key functional areas in four horizontal groupings across the two upper process areas. In addition, Figure 2. 1 shows the internal and external entities (as ovals) that interact with the enterprise. eTOM is a structured catalogue (a taxonomy) of process elements, which can be viewed in more and more detail.When viewed in terms of the Horizontal Functional groupings, it follows a strict hierarchy where every element is only associated with or parented to a single element at the next higher hierarchical level. In a taxonomy, any activity must be unique, i. e. it must be listed only once. Figure 2. 1 shows the top level (Level â€Å"0†) Groupings that eTOM is decomposed into. Because the purpose of the eTOM framework is to help SPs to manage their end-toend Business processes, the eTOM enhances the TOM practice of showing how process elements have a strong association with one (or several) end-to-end business processes (e. g. Fulfillment, Assurance, Billing, Product Development etc. which are introduced later in this Chapter). These Vertical End-To-End groupings are essentially overlays onto the hierarchical top-level horizontal groupings, because in a hierarchical taxonomy an element cannot be associated with or parented to more than one element at the next higher level. Because eTOM was developed to help build and implement the process elements for a Service Provider, it was decided from the start that the primary top-level hierarchy of process elements would be the functional (horizontal) groupings, rather than the endto-end process (vertical) groupings. GB921v3. 6 ?TeleManagement Forum 2003 eTOM Business Process Framework Page 17To understand the eTOM Business Process Framework, each process area is analyzed and decomposed into further groupings and processes. For each level of analysis or decomposition, the process area, grouping or process element itself is presented with a brief, summary-level description. At this highest level, the three basic process a reas are outlined below. The Operations Process Area is the heart of eTOM. It includes all operations processes that support the customer operations and management, as well as those that enable direct customer operations with the customer. These processes include both day-to-day and operations support and readiness processes.The eTOM view of Operations also includes sales management and supplier/partner relationship management. The Strategy, Infrastructure Product Process Area includes processes that develop strategies and commitment to them within the enterprise, that plan, develop and manage infrastructures and products, and that develop and manage the Supply Chain. In the eTOM, infrastructure refers to more than just the IT and resource infrastructure that supports products and services. It includes the infrastructure required to support functional processes, e. g. , Customer Relationship Management (CRM). These processes direct and enable the Operations processes.The Enterprise Management Process Area includes those basic business processes that are required to run any large business. These generic processes focus on both the setting and achieving of strategic corporate goals and objectives, as well as providing those support services that are required throughout an Enterprise. These processes are sometimes considered to be the corporate functions and/or processes. e. g. , Financial Management, Human Resources Management processes, etc†¦ Since Enterprise Management processes are aimed at general support within the Enterprise, they may interface as needed with almost every other process in the Enterprise, be they operational, strategy, infrastructure or product processes.The conceptual view of the eTOM Business Process Framework addresses both the major process areas as above and, just as importantly, the supporting functional process groupings, depicted as horizontal groupings. The functional groupings reflect the major expertise and focus required to pursue the business. The four functional groupings are described below: The Market, Product and Customer processes include those dealing with sales and channel management, marketing management, and product and offer management, as well as Customer Relationship Management and ordering, problem handling, SLA Management and billing. The Service processes include those dealing with service developm ent and configuration, service problem management, quality analysis, and rating. The Resource processes include those dealing with development nd management of the enterprise’s infrastructure, whether related to products and services, or to supporting the enterprise itself. The Supplier/Partner processes include those dealing with the enterprise’s interaction with its suppliers and partners. This involves both processes that manage the Supply Chain that underpins product and infrastructure, as well as those that support the Operations interface with its suppliers and partners. ?TeleManagement Forum 2003 GB921v3. 6 Page 18 eTOM Business Process Framework Additionally, in the diagram (Figure 2. 1), the major entities with which the enterprise interacts are shown. These are: Customers, to whom service is provided by means of the products sold by the enterprise: the focus of the business!Suppliers, who provides products or resources, bought and used by the enterprise directly or indirectly to support its business Partners, with whom the enterprise co-operates in a shared area of business Employees, who work for the enterprise to pursue its business goals Shareholders, who have invested in the enterprise and thus own stock Stakeholders, who have a co mmitment to the enterprise other than through stock ownership. eTOM CEO Level View Below the conceptual level, the eTOM Business Process Framework is decomposed into a set of process element groupings, which provide a first level of detail at which the entire enterprise can be viewed. These process groupings are considered the CEO level view, in that the performance of these processes determines the success of the enterprise. The eTOM Business Process Framework is defined as generically as possible, so that it is independent of organization, technology and service. The eTOM is basically intuitive, business driven and customer focused. To reflect the way usinesses look at their processes, the eTOM supports two different perspectives on the grouping of the detailed process elements: Horizontal process groupings, which represent a view of functionallyrelated processes within the business, such as those involved in managing contact with the customer or in managing the supply chain. This structuring by functional groupings is useful to those who are responsible for creating the capability that enables the processes. The IT teams will look at groups of IT functions which tend to be implemented together e. g. the front-of-house applications in the Customer Grouping, back-of-house applications which focus on managing information about the services sold to customers, the network management applications which focus on the technology which delivers the services.For processes delivered by people there is a similar separation of workgroups – the front-of-house workgroups in the Customer Grouping, back-of-house workgroups which focus on managing information about the services sold to customers, the network management workgroups which focus on the technology which delivers the services. Vertical process groupings, which represent a view of end-to-end processes within the business, such as those involved in the overall billing flows to customers. This end-to-end view is important to those people who are responsible for changing, operating and managing the end-to-end processes. These people are more interested in the outcomes of the process and how they support customer need rather than wor rying about the IT or the workgroups that need to work together to deliver the result. GB921v3. 6 ?TeleManagement Forum 2003 eTOM Business Process Framework Page 19 The overlay of the Functional (horizontal) groupings of process elements and the endto-end process (vertical) groupings forms the inherent matrix structure of eTOM. This matrix structure is the core of one of the innovations and fundamental benefits of eTOM – it offers for the first time a standard language and structure for the process elements that are understood and used by both the people specifying and operating the end-to-end business, as well as those people who are responsible for creating the capability that enables the processes (whether automated by IT or implemented manually by workgroups).The integration of all these processes provides the enterprise-level process framework for the information and communications service provider. This is the ‘Level 0’ view of the enterprise and shows the vertical and horizontal process groupings that are the decompositions of the process areas introduced above. These groupings are ‘Level 1’ process groupings in the parlance of the eTOM business process model, e. g. Customer Relationship Management, Fulfillment. The Level 0 view, which reveals the Level 1 process det ail, is shown in Figure 2. 2. As process decomposition proceeds, each level is decomposed into a set of constituent process elements at the level below.Thus, Level 0 is decomposed into Level 1 processes, Level 1 into Level 2,and so on. The Enterprise Level 0 view decomposes into seven Vertical (or â€Å"end-to-end†) Level 1 process groupings as well as eight Horizontal (or â€Å"functional†) Level 1 process groupings in four layers. These Vertical and Horizontal process groupings represent alternative views relevant to different concerns on the way that processes should be associated. Note that we will see that these alternatives have been selected to yield a single, common view of the Level 2 processes defined at the next level of decomposition, and hence do not represent a divergence in the modeling.In addition, there are eight additional enabling and support Level 1 process groupings within Enterprise Management. This full view of the Level 1 processes is shown in Figure 2. 2. Customer Strategy, Infrastructure and Product Operations Strategy ; Commit Infrastructure Lifecycle Mgmt Product Lifecycle Mgmt Operations Support ; Readiness Fulfillment Assurance Billing Marketing and Offer Management Customer Relationship Management Service Development ; Management Service Management ; Operations Resource Development ; Management Resource Management ; Operations Supply Chain Development ; Management Supplier/Partner Relationship Management Enterprise Management Strategic ; Enterprise PlanningBrand Management, Market Research ; Advertising Enterprise Quality Mgmt, Process R esea rch ; D evelo p m en t ; IT Planning ; Architecture ; T ech n o lo g y A cq u isistio n Human Resources Management Disaster Recovery, Security ; Fraud Management Financial ; Asset Management  © TeleManagement Forum October, 2001 Stakeholder ; External Relations Management Figure 2. 2: eTOM Level 0 View of Level 1 Process Gr oupings ?TeleManagement Forum 2003 GB921v3. 6 Page 20 eTOM Business Process Framework eTOM Operations Processes To be useful to a Service Provider, the eTOM Process Element Framework must help the SP to develop and operate their business processes.This sections shows how the matrix structure of eTOM offers for the first time a standard language and structure for the process elements that are understood and used by both the people specifying and operating the end-to-end business, as well as those people who are responsible for creating the capability that enables the processes (whether automated by IT or implemented manually by workgroups). â€Å"OPS† Vertical Process Groupings The Operations (OPS) process area contains the direct operations vertical process groupings of Fulfillment, Assurance ; Billing, together with the Operations Support ; Readiness process grouping (see Figure 2. 3). The â€Å"FAB† processes are sometimes referred to as Customer Operations processes. Customer Operations Operations Support and Readiness Fulfillment Assurance Billing Figure 2. : eTOM OPS Vertical Process Groupings The TOM was focused only on the direct customer processes represented by FAB. However, FAB processes were not on the TOM framework map, they were rather an overlay. In an ebusiness world, the focus of the enterprise must be enabling and supporting these processes as the highest priority. Therefore, in the eTOM, Fulfillment, Assurance ; Billing are an integrated part of the overall framework. Fulfillment: this process grouping is responsible for providing customers with their requested products in a timely and correct manner. It translates the customer’s business or personal need into a solution, which can be delivered using the specific products in the enterprise’s portfolio.This process informs the customers of the status of their purchase order, ensures completion on time, as well as a delighted customer. Assurance: this process grouping is responsible for the execution of proactive and reactive maintenance activities to ensure that services provided to customers are continuously available and to SLA or QoS performance levels. It performs continuous resource status and performance monitoring to proactively detect possible failures. It collects performance data and analyzes them to identify potential problems and resolve them without impact to the customer. This process manages the SLAs and reports service performance to the customer. It receives trouble reports from the customer, informs the customer of the trouble status, and ensures restoration and repair, as well as a delighted customer. GB921v3. 6 ? TeleManagement Forum 2003 eTOM Business Process Framework Page 21 Billing: this process grouping is responsible for the production of timely and accurate bills, for providing pre-bill use information and billing to customers, for processing their payments, and performing payment collections. In addition, it handles customer inquiries about bills, provides billing inquiry status and is responsible for resolving billing problems to the customer’s satisfaction in a timely manner. This process grouping also supports prepayment for services.For a high-level view of how the eTOM Process Elements can be used to create Fulfillment, Assurance ; Billing process flows, please see document GB921 v3. 5 Addendum â€Å"f†, Process Flow Examples. In addition to these FAB process groupings, the OPS process area of the eTOM Framework contains a new, fourth vertical process grouping: Operations Support ; Readiness (see Figure 2. 3). Operations Support ; Readiness: this process grouping is responsible for support to the â€Å"FAB† processes, and for ensuring operational readiness in the fulfillment, assurance and billing areas. In general, the processes are concerned with activities that are less â€Å"real-time† than those in FAB, and which are typically concerned less with individual customers and services and more with groups of these.They reflect a need in some enterprises to divide their processes between the immediate customer-facing and real-time operations of FAB and other Operations processes which act as a â€Å"second-line† in carrying out the operational support tasks. Not all enterprises will choose to employ this split, or to position the division in exactly the same place, so it is recognized that in applying the eTOM Business Framework in particular scenarios, the processes in Operations Support ; Readiness and in FAB may be merged for day-today operation. Nevertheless, it is felt important to acknowledge this separation to reflect a real-world division that is present or emerging in many enterprises. The separation, definition and execution of the Operations Support ; Readiness processes can be critical in taking advantage of ebusiness opportunities, and is particularly important for successful implementation of Customer Self Management. â€Å"OPS† Horizontal Process Groupings In the OPS process area of the eTOM Framework, there are four OPS functional process groupings that support the operations processes discussed above, and also the management of operations to support customer, service, resource and supplier/partner interactions (see Figure 2. 4). The original TOM Process Framework used the ITU-T TMN Logical Business, Service, and Network Layers to organize the core business processes. This facilitated mapping of the Management Functions defined in TMN, to the TOM processes.As the eTOM Business Process Framework is an evolution of the TOM Process Framework and because the TMN layering approach is still relevant, the TMN Logical Layers continue to be loosely coupled to the functional process groupings. The TM Forum is working with ITU-T to harmonize the eTOM and TMN models. See reference 3 for further information on ITU-T TMN. ?TeleManagement Forum 2003 GB921v3. 6 Page 22 eTOM Business Process Framework Cu stome r Oper ati ons C usto mer R el ation ship Manag emen t Serv ice Man ag ement ; Op eration s R eso urce Man ag em ent ; Op erat ion s (Applicati on, C om puting a nd N etwor k) Sup plier/Partn er R elat ionsh ip Man ag em en t Figure 2. : eTOM OPS Functional Process Groupings Customer Relationship Management (CRM): this process grouping considers the fundamental knowledge of customers needs and includes all functionalities necessary for the acquisition, enhancement and retention of a relationship with a customer. It is about customer service and support, whether storefront, telephone, web or field service. It is also about retention management, cross-selling, up-selling and direct marketing for the purpose of selling to customers. CRM also includes the collection of customer information and its application to personalize, customize and integrate delivery of service to a customer, as well as to identify opportunities for increasing the value of the customer to the enterprise. CRM applies to both conventional retail customer interactions, as well as to wholesale interactions, such as when an enterprise is selling to another enterprise that is acting as the ‘retailer’. The introduction of CRM is a key feature of eTOM over TOM. At the highest, most general level, the TOM Business Process Framework included two process groupings to manage relations with customers, â€Å"Customer Interface Management† and â€Å"Customer Care†. In the TOM, it is explicitly mentioned that Customer Interface Management may effectively be a distinct process within Customer Care or may be performed as part of the lower level Customer Care processes. However, eTOM advances the TOM in several key ways: It expands Customer Care to Customer Relationship Management (CRM), which is management approach to supporting and interacting with customers, that enables enterprises to identify, attract and increase retention of profitable customers. CRM focuses on collect ion and application of customer data and managing relationships with customers to improve customer retention and customer value contribution to the enterprise. CRM is more than Customer Care or Customer Interface Management, it is the integration of customer acquisition, enhancement and retention through managing the customer relationship over time. For eTOM, CRM also represents the integration of Sales and Service processes and ensuring a consistent customer interface across all CRM functional processes. GB921v3. 6 ?TeleManagement Forum 2003 eTOM Business Process Framework Page 23 eTOM integrates Customer Interface Management for Fulfillment, Assurance ; Billing across all the CRM functional processes and with customer processes. Customer Interface Management represents any type of contact, e. g. , phone, email, face-to-face, etc. It expects an integration and coordination across these different interface types, to provide a consistent interface and highlights the requirement for customer process control and customer self management. eTOM also encourages the design of solutions so that systems interfaces used within the enterprise are the same as those used by customers.TOM CRM processes include an expansion of TOM Customer Care processes to: †¢ Focus on customer retention †¢ †¢ †¢ Improve enterprise process exception customer response Integrate marketing fulfillment execution Better represent the billing function at the customer level and the need to assure revenue. Service Management ; Operations (SM;O): this process grouping focuses on the knowledge of services (Access, Connectivity, Content, etc. ) and includes all functionalities necessary for the management and operations of communications and information services required by or proposed to customers. The focus is on service delivery and management as opposed to the management of the underlying network and information technology. Some of the How to cite Telecom Application Map (Etom, Release 3.1), Papers

Langston Hughes Harlem Dream Deferred free essay sample

Langston Hughes Harlem:Dream Deferred An analysis of Hughes Harlem [Dream Deffered]; How black people are kept down in society. In Hughes Harlem [Dream Deferred], at least to me, it seems as though he is talking from the perspective of a local from the Harlem Renaissance, who finally has the ability to dream of a better life, but not achieve it. The problem was that many of these peoples ideas of the time was just that; dreams could be easily made, and never made to come true. It sounds like Hughes is trying to explain how a person trapped in this world may be able to put away his dreams and deal with that fact with simile. Hughes relates different coping methods to things such as body wounds. If one cant ever actualize their dream, does it dry up? As in does it fade away into nothing and never bother anyone ever again? Maybe it shrivels like a raisin, damaged and old, but the essence still intact? Then there is the line about festering like a sore. We will write a custom essay sample on Langston Hughes Harlem: Dream Deferred or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This could be taken as a dream that just sits there but never receives the attention it needs will never quite go away. The dream will constantly sit there like an itch on your arm always making you think about it while doing everything else. Or maybe it crusts over syrupy sweet, as in putting on a protective facade to cover the fact that there is hurt underneath. Or perhaps the dream sags one down like a heavy load, never allowing the person to ever finally accept what they have to do in life, what they wont be able to do, and to move on. Then there is the concept that the dream may explode; separating into a million separate ideas, with such force that everyone in contact with the person is affected by those ideas.